BUFFETTS BOOKS ACADEMY: INTERMEDIATE COURSE
LESSON 21: WARREN BUFFETT’S 4TH RULE – INTRINSIC VALUE CALCULATOR
INTRINSIC VALUE CALCULATOR
Source of Quotes: www.BerskshireHathaway.com
“Intrinsic value can be defined simply: It is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life.” – Warren Buffett
Therefore, the sum of cash that can be taken out of the business over the next ten years is going to be the dividends plus the equity growth. The discounted value we can start with is the current value of the 10 year federal note – this will act as our ruler for risk. To start, we’ll determine how much a company’s book value is growing.
“In other words, the percentage change in book value in any given year is likely to be reasonably close to that year’s change in intrinsic value.” – Warren Buffett
Make sure you DO NOT use % or $ signs when using the calculators.
“As our definition suggests, intrinsic value is an estimate rather than a precise figure, and it is additionally an estimate that must be changed if interest rates move or forecasts of future cash flows are revised. Two people looking at the same set of facts, moreover – and this would apply even to Charlie and me – will almost inevitably come up with at least slightly different intrinsic value figures. That is one reason we never give you our estimates of intrinsic value.” – Warren Buffett
LESSON OBJECTIVES
- Learn how we calculate the intrinsic value of a stock.
- Learn how we use the BuffettsBooks.com intrinsic value calculator.
LESSON SUMMARY
In this lesson the fourth and final rule of Warren Buffett is presented. It is important to remember that all four rules need to be met, before buying a stock.
In essence the question about price and value (often called intrinsic value) is quite simple. “Is the intrinsic value of the stock you are buying lower than the price”? A company might have great properties, but no stock is worth an infinity amount of dollars.
This lesson presents direct quotes from Warren Buffett. First he teaches us that the intrinsic value is simple nothing more than the discounted cash flow from that company. In other words: “The value of any stock is dependent on how much money it is making, the risk, and when the money is made”. In investment terms he is looking at the how the earnings for the stocks are applied. Some is paid directly out as dividend, and some of the money is retained in the company either to grow income producing assets or pay of debt. When the money is retained it is growing the book value correspondingly. He looks 10 year into the future thereby comparing his valuation to a 10-years note (bond).
He also teaches us that the intrinsic value is an estimate rather than a precise figure. That means that even if two people are looking at the same stock with the same information, they would inevitable come up with different valuations.
When Warren Buffett is talking about cash taken out of the business he is referring to EPS. This is the source of dividends and increase in book value. If the dividend and book value is growing linearly or staying stable in any direction, you can use that slope as a predictor. Stability is really everything here.
One word of caution: Remember to look at the projected earnings for the coming year to make sure that your cash flows projections are realistic. There might have been something in the near future that you have overlooked.
Berkshire Hathaway’s owner manual explains to us why the growth in book value is so important when valuing stock. It states that the change in book value is reasonable close in any given year to the change in intrinsic value. This is also why Warren Buffett is comparing his own growth in book value to the S&P500.
In this lesson we also learn that the BuffettsBooks.com calculator is built on the very quotes from Warren Buffett and the Berkshire Hathaway owner’s manual. Using the book value growth from the past 10 year, given the stability and the outlook, we would apply a similar rate for the next 10 years. This book value growth represents more income producing assets to the investor, or a lower debt. In other words this is money that is distributed indirectly back to the investor.
Dividend from the past 10 years is also used as a predictor for the next 10 years. If you want to be conservative you might want to take the average from that period, and use that as a predictor. For most companies that would be very conservative estimate, but just as for the book value growth, you exact calculation is up to your risk of appetite. Based on your knowledge of the company you would either choose a number higher, lower or similar to the past 10 years.
BuffettsBooks.com recommends using a 10 year period for your calculation. It is a time period that often captures both depression and boom in the economy. At the same time it is not a time period that is too long in terms of using data that is of no relevance any longer.
The discount rate is a very important concept to fully understand. The way to look at discounting is to ask yourself if you would rather have $50 today or $50 in 10 years? It would make no economic sense to wait to get your $50. You could use that money to invest and grow your money over the next 10 years, and even if you were to spend it, $50 would be worth more today, because inflation would dilute the value over time. In short: Discounting means that money you have today is worth more than the same amount in the future.
The reason why Warren Buffett uses the 10 federal note as his discounting rate, is foremost because the 10 years matches the time period for our valuation. Another thing is because it can be considered risk free. He knows for sure that he can always get this yield, as the government in practice can simply print more money. We learned more about that in lesson 6. So imagine that you could get a 10% risk free return every year. Would it change the value of a stock where you might hope you would get a 10-12% return, but also knowing that you could lose that investment? Of course! If you could only get 1% risk free return would you think that the same stock perhaps yielding 10-12% would be more appealing? Of course!
- High 10 year federal note: More discounting -> Lower value of a stock
- Low 10 year federal note: Less discounting -> Higher value of a stock
Remember always to look up the current 10 year federal note. It changes every day.
Using these inputs, the BuffettBooks.com calculator can estimate the intrinsic value of stocks. It is important to emphasis that it is only stocks that are stable you can valuate. If you see the book value growth and dividends all over the place, your estimates would be very uncertain.
When you arrive at an intrinsic value it does necessarily matches the market value. In most cases you will find that there is a vast difference. You should be pleased when that happens. If you find that the intrinsic value is much higher than the market price it is great. You have potential found a great company at a margin. If the market price is much higher than the intrinsic value, it is also great. You have just omitted the common mistake of overpaying for a stock.
Knowing the value of a stock is perhaps the most desired skill in Security Analysis. Perhaps the only person who can challenge Warren Buffett’s ranking on top of that list, is his mentor and professor from Columbia Benjamin Graham. His book Security Analysis is an all-time best seller, and Warren Buffett has repeatedly hailed his investment success and valuation skills to this book.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
If you’re ever trying to determine the value of a company that experienced a stock split, simply assessing the Book Value growth over a ten year period may prove difficult. If you owned 1 share, the value of that 1 share actually changed in value because you would assume control of an additional share at no expense. In order to account for this difference, investors will need to assess the growth during these two periods separately; pre-stock split and post-stock split.
Click here to view the Practical Exercise Video on YouTube.
NEW VOCABULARY
Market Value
The current price of the stock that is traded on the exchange. You can find this price on a simple Google search on the name of the company.
Intrinsic Value
The value of the stock according to your estimates. It is most likely that other another investor have another estimate for the same company that you are looking at. You want the biggest difference between the intrinsic value (high as possible) and the market price (low as possible).
Discounted Cash Flow
Cask taken out of a business in the future is not worth the same as it is today. If you had the money today you could invest them. Money in the future is partly eaten up by inflation, but more importantly more uncertain if it is there at all.
EPS
The earnings of a company dividend out to each individual shares. If the company has $500 in earnings and has 100 shares outstanding the EPS is $5.
S&P 500
500 of the biggest listed companies in the US. There are detailed selection processes, but the way to think about S&P500 for the investor is ‘as the market’.
LESSON TRANSCRIPT
This last rule is the most complicated – determining whether a stock is undervalued or not.
In the three previous lessons, we compared Sirius and Disney. Sirius failed the first rule – a company must be managed by vigilant leaders. Sirius had a lot of debt. Again, all 4 rules must be met in order for Buffett to invest, so automatically, Sirius is not qualified. On the other hand, Disney’s debt was manageable for the past 10 years, so it is considerable. With the second rule, Sirius is not anticipated to having long-term prospects 30 years from now, while it’s the other way around For Disney. Buffett proves that Sirius is not stable. Their debt, book value, and debt to equity were all over the place. Disney was stable and predictable. That is absolutely essential as we move into this lesson where we’re trying to calculate the intrinsic value. Without a stable company, we can’t make a good estimate of how much growth the company will have in the next 10 years. For the third rule, Sirius isn’t even worth the attempt to calculate, because they are unstable. Disney is.
Let’s learn how the intrinsic value calculator works. If you get lost in this portion, that’s fine; I have a couple of practical exercises where you can work on.
How do we determine the intrinsic value of a company?
If you read Berkshire Hathway’s manual, Buffett said, “The intrinsic value can be defined simply. It is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life. As our definition suggests, intrinsic value is an estimate rather than a price figure. And it is definitely an estimate that must be changed as interest rates move or forecast or future cash flows are revised. Two people looking at the same set of facts for almost inevitably come up with slightly different intrinsic value figures.”
Keep in mind that the calculator itself isn’t different, but you might take it to a more conservative approach than what I will show you. When you do that, you’re going to get a different interest value.
If you want to use a different interest rate in the 10-year federal note, you’re going to get a different intrinsic value. As we start using the calculator, you’ll understand why Buffett said quote above. He might look at a company a little bit different the way you viewed it.
What does it mean by “Cash that can be taken out of the business during its remaining life”? When Buffett was assessing, he was referring to this: “If I could take out all the profit the company’s going to make over X number of years I’d own it, how much would that add up to?” He did it for 10 years into the future to compare that amount that he would collect to what he would make off of a zero risk investment, which should be the 10-year federal note.
This might be misleading, but further you’ll understand why it has to only be 10 years in the future. When looking in a business, the EPS or profit per share is the magic number.
Assume that we have $1.50 of EPS, your earnings for one year for a company named Company X. From the first course, the shareholder has an option to take the route of keeping the money in the bank account, invest that money back into the business, or pay it to the debt or whatever the case is.
However, what happens to the money is it either turns into more equity or less equity. It will reflect the book value, because it is nothing more than equity per share. If you take option 1, that $1.50 of earnings comes to the company and the shareholder decides whether to turn into it more or less equity depending on how they choose to invest or pay the debts.
The second option that the BOD and CEO have is to give you a dividend. That $1.50 would sit there in the bank account and the managers will decide to pay the shareholders.
What you see with companies is not that they take 1 option or the other; they take both. They’ll put a portion of that $1.50 into the equity and then put another portion into the dividend. They might pay $.50 in the dividend and $1 into the equity of the business. That total is turning into either more equity or into a dividend. Equity means book value, because we’re talking on a per share basis.
Look at Company X over the last 10 years to understand the calculation works. Refer to the model on the video. The book value in 2002 was $10. The EPS was $1.5. It was the same for 10 years straight. The book value increased by $.70 from 2002 to 2003. They paid $.30 per dividend. The EPS turned into $.70 added to the book value, $.30 paid to the dividend, and $.50 just disappeared. This is what you see a lot of times. Not all of those earnings per share actually materialize into money that’s showing up in your pocket. Even though you’re not actually seeing that book value payment added to the business, the market price of your company generally follows a trend with that book value. If it went up, the market price will trend in the same direction.
In 2004, the book value grew a little bit more and the dividend remained the same. The company became more efficient and the EPS of $1.50 went more into your pocket.
As we go year by year and you keep going down, the book value continues to grow. In 2012, the book value went up to $20 and they’re still paying their $.30 dividend. The EPS remained the same.
If we summed all of the EPS that would have occurred for the 10-year period, we would have $15. The combined results of the book value and the dividend of our 2 different options ended up to $13. Over a 10-year period, we lost $2 just through the system that his company was operating even though the net profit was made.
When we plot this over on the right hand side, it’s really a nice linear-looking graph. Put a line right down on that graph, plot that, and look at the slope to have a general idea of how 10 years from now that book value will grow. As long as the earnings is constant, Company X’s book values will be round $35. When you look at that slope and how it’s trending, the dividend will remain at $.30 a year.
That $13 was the cash gained over the past 10 years. Your job is to estimate how much cash will be taken out into the company in 10 years. Use the slope to predict its future value if the dividends are contrary growing. Stability is everything!
Always remember the book value growth and dividend comes from the EPS. Always look at the projected earnings to ensure tour estimated cash in the future are realistic. You might have great looking slope and then you go and look at the earnings projected for next year and they are not making progress, I suggest you run away from that.
Assume that we looked at Company X future estimates in 2013 as $1.50 and 2014 as $1.55. This would trend with the $1.50 they had in the past. We could go ahead and say that book value will gow at that same slope that we saw in the past 19 years and they will continue the dividend payment. We can estimate what kind of cash we can get out from this business.
Another quote from Buffett says “In other words, the percentage change in the book value in many given years is likely to be reasonably close to that year’s change in intrinsic value.” Use that with confidence and make sure you’re doing something stable.
What was the average growth of company X during the past 10 years? It’s time to use the buffettsbooks.com calculator just below the video.
The calculator is broken down into two different sections. We will use the top section first. Come up with a very rough estimate of how much that book value was growing annually throughout the 10-year period up to now where we’re at.
First, input the book value. In 2012, it is $20$, so put $20 there. Make sure you don’t out in a dollar sign; just put in the numbers. The old book value is $10 in 2002.
The number of years between the book values is 10. If you had 10 numbers up there, you’d only use 9 years right here, because the first year is just the base line.
Hit calculate to show you an average book value change of 7.17% a year. The book value was growing at 7.17%. That is important because as we look into the next 10 years, we know that the book value now is 20. That gives us a good idea of what we might want to use when we estimate how the book value is going to grow over the next years for the bottom calculator.
Now we move down to the bottom calculator and use the numbers from the top calculator. The cash being removed from the business is the dividend.
In this calculator, I have a set up so that the dividend you only have to enter is for 1 year and what the calculator will do is sum up the dividend payment as if you’re getting it every single year for the next years. For one year, let’s say you’d make $.30, so put in .30 there. The current book value in 2002 is $20; put 20. The average percent change of book value over year (This is what we calculated above) is 7.17. Put in 7.17, because that’s our expected book value growth.
This is where Buffett says that any two people will come up with different figures, because estimates are not exact. I like to take the most conservative approach as possible. If it’s a $.30-dividend today, I’m going to use a 30 cents dividend for the next 10 years as far as the book value growth.
If it’s high like over 15%, the calculator doesn’t even work at that point, because that’s a growth company and not a stable company. 7.7% is a pretty average of a growth rate.
This is where the guess work of the intrinsic value calculation really comes in. it’s a matter of reference and risk; you have to tailor to your specific needs. Based off of how a flat line is, I’m going to use 7.17. If you’re always comparing it to a 10-year federal note, the number will always be 10.
The 10-year federal note is something you have to look up, because it changes all the time. Right now, it’s 1.7. It’s the percent that you’d get if you would buy a 10 year federal note. In the next section when we calculate the intrinsic value for Disney, I’ll pull up the number to show you where I would go out to find that. Right now well just use 1.7%. Hit calculate and it’ll give you numbers in dollars – an intrinsic value of $36.50. That’s great, but you probably want to see this work on a real company.
Let’s move on to Disney with a market price of $44.33. Figuring out the intrinsic value for Disney is the same step like Company X. We have these numbers up, so I’ll show you how to fin all these numbers off on MSN money.
At the MSN page, scroll down and enter the Disney ticker D-I-S. It pulls up the Walt Disney Company. The first thing to look at is the trend for the earnings per share over the last 10 years. Go ahead and hit that 10-year summary. The earnings per share over the last 10 years are right here – $2.52 in 2011, $2.3, and it keeps on going down. You can see all those numbers on the left side of the video. 2012 is blank, because we’re using that year as a base line value for the book value.
The next to look at is the change in the book value. How do out find that? Go back to MSN money and click key ratios. When we get to the 10-year summary, get the book value per share. 11.61 at the top, 11.82 is the next and it keeps going down, the current book value at the end of 2011 was $21.21.
If you want an even more current book value than that, you could on in the balance sheet and pull of the equity and divide it by the total numbers of share outstanding. For demonstration purposes, were just going to do it simpler. As for the dividend payment, they won’t have the 10-year history on MSN money and a lot of other stock listing website. Go to Disney website and search their dividend history. That’s likely for you when you research companies.
If you can’t to pull out the dividend Disney is paying now, the easiest way to do is something you can find on MSN money. Go to the top level page. Type D-I-S and hit enter. Scroll down and look at the dividend rate which is $.60 at this point. Make sure you’re not using the dividend yield, because that’s taking the rate and dividing it by the current market price.
The EPS summed up is $15.38. This is Disney’s earnings over the last 9 years from 2003-2011. What that actually materialized for the shareholders was $12.68. We added up all those dividend payments and we summed how much the book value grew from 2002 to 2011. It was $9.80 and